<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2838159170020674341</id><updated>2011-12-01T04:39:31.488+02:00</updated><title type='text'>No Other Words</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://seldadogan.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2838159170020674341/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://seldadogan.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>Selda</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11080742963396260033</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_duR5oAVR8PU/SbGQk_E-47I/AAAAAAAAAAM/yPPYwqbe0ng/S220/IMG_0684.JPG'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>6</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2838159170020674341.post-2503411594708317604</id><published>2011-02-05T12:08:00.004+02:00</published><updated>2011-02-05T12:14:10.478+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Halk Susar Uğur Mumcu Konuşur</title><content type='html'>&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Gece susar, evren karanlığından sızar ışık&lt;br /&gt;tan konuşur yaprak susar, kıpırtısız&lt;br /&gt;yangınlar kasırgalar dibinden&lt;br /&gt;bir gün orman konuşur&lt;br /&gt;su susar bataklıkta&lt;br /&gt;baharda sel sel ve dağda&lt;br /&gt;çağlayan çağlayan konuşur&lt;br /&gt;halk susar&lt;br /&gt;ozan konuşur  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Tahsin Saraç&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Son yıllarda Atatürk’e sövmek moda oldu. Alaturka dinsel gericisinden Kürtçüsüne, Kürtçüsünden Marksizm kaçağı alafranga sağcıya, yeni liberallere kadar uzanan geniş bir yelpazede hemen herkes Atatürk’e sövüp sayıyordu.&lt;br /&gt;(...) Bugün ‘Kemalizm’ adına bir umacı yaratılıyor, ve tam bir ‘McCarthy’ bağnazlığı ve çılgınlığı ile Kemalist sayılan kişilere saldırılıyor. ... Bir Atatürkçü, din duygularının ve dince kutsal kavramların siyasal ve ticari amaçlarla kullanılmasına karşıdır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;(29 aralık 1992)&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;Göz kırptım &lt;br /&gt;bir yıldız düştü&lt;br /&gt;Bir daha kırptım&lt;br /&gt;Düşmedi.&lt;br /&gt;Yıldızlarla alay ettim &lt;/span&gt;  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Uğur Mumcu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Her şeye Atatürk gücüyle ve onuncu yıl umuduyla başlayacağız, başlamalıyız. Her türlü baskıya rağmen mücadele yürüyecek ve gerçekleri söylemekten korkmayacağız.&lt;br /&gt;"Ezilen uluslar bir gün ezen ulusları yok edeceklerdir" diyen Gazi Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ü, yeniden ezilen ulusların, Asya ve Afrika halklarının bayrağı yapmak, biz Atatürkçülerin, biz devrimcilerin namus borçlarıdır.&lt;br /&gt;Bütün dünya bilsin ki benim için tek yanlılık vardır. Cumhuriyet yanlılığı, düşünsel ve sosyal devrim yanlılığı... Atatürk'ün bütün dünyaya duyurduğu bu ilerici ve devrimci düşünceleri ne yazık ki, ülkeyi Atatürk'ten sonra yöneten, yönettiğini sanan politikacılar eliyle hançerlendi ve Atatürk, gerçek nitelikleri ile değil, beylik anma törenlerinin donmuş kalıpları olarak tanıtılmak ve benzetilmek istendi.&lt;br /&gt;Tarih, geçmişin dedikodusu değildir!..&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;(29 Nisan 1966 Yön Dergisi)&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;1981 yılında başörtüsü tartışması alevlendiğinde;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Eğer İslami kurallara tam olarak uyulacaksa, yalnızca ipek eşarplarla başlar örtülmesin, yüzler de örtülsün; kadınlar baştan ayağa kadar kumaşlara sarılsınlar! Yok, bu yapılmayacak bunun yerine ‘sıkma başlarla’ bir çeşit ‘siyasal gösteri’ yoluna başvurulacak! (...) Öyleyse nedir bu ikiyüzlülük? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;(Cumhuriyet, 25 Aralık 1981)&lt;span style="font-style:italic;"&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Türkiye’de son zamanlarda uluslar arası sermayeden güç alarak oluşan ve devlet katkısıyla gelişen güç odakları kimlerdir? Bu güç odaklarından biri İslamcı sermayedir. Son yıllardaki gülsuyu ile yıkanmış güç odakları, ‘siyaset-tarikat-ticaret’ üçgeninde gelişti. (...) Türkiye’de 12 eylülün getirdiği arabesk liberalizm budur; liberalizmin arabeskinde siyaset, ticareti etkiliyor, tarikatlar da ticareti ve siyaseti yönlendiriyor. (...) Kutsal din duyguları, ticari amaçlar için kullanılıyor; yeşil dolarlar petrol ve zemzem kuyularına batırılıp batırılıp çıkarılıyor. Dolar yeşili bu din sömürüsü ile Kabe yeşiline karışıyor! ‘Allah adın zikredelim evvela...’ Sonra gelsin paralar! Sonra da Kemalizm, Atatürkçülük ve laik cumhuriyet düşmanlığı! &lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;(Cumhuriyet, 6 Ağustos 1992)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cumhuriyetin temelini elsiz ayaksız yeşil yılanlar kemiriyor... Uyan Gazi Kemal uyan! Devletin devlete, insanın insana kulluğunu yok etmek için uyan, uyan Gazi Kemal! İnsanlara can güvenliği sağlayamamış bir düzene hukuk devleti denilemez. Devrimcilerin faili meçhul bir cinayete kurban gittiği bir düzene demokrasi denilemez. Yolsuzlukların devlet yetkililerini sardığı bir düzene anayasa düzeni denilemez. Bu katiller demokrasisidir. Bu, hırsızlar düzenidir!&lt;br /&gt;Egemen sınıflar, kendi düzenlerine demokratik düzen demekte ve bu düzene karşı çıkan tüm devrimcileri ''demokrasi düşmanlığı'' ile suçlamaktadır. Devrimcileri kamuoyu önünde yıpratabilmek için devletin bütün olanakları kullanılmıştır. Bu yol sonuç vermeyince, devrimcileri bölüp aralarında metafizik tartışmalar çıkartarak uzlaşmaz bir çatışma yolu denendi. Bir yanda da devrimci hedefler ve kavramlar yozlaştırılmaya başlandı.&lt;br /&gt;Amacımız Türk halkına insanca yaşama olanağı sağlamak ve bağımsız Türkiye’yi kurmaktır. Kardeşimiz, damadımız, oğlumuz, halkın sırtından milyonlar kazanmadı ki korkalım! &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mustafa Kemal İzmir’de emperyalizmi denize döktüğü gün, İstanbul hükümetinin idam fermanını boynunda taşıyordu. Bugün de Mustafa Kemalcilerin Damat Feritlerden ne korkuları olabilir?.. &lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;Devrimciler ölür, devrimler sürer. Hodri meydan!&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-weight:bold;"&gt;(29 Aralık 1970 – Kirli Eller)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2838159170020674341-2503411594708317604?l=seldadogan.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://seldadogan.blogspot.com/feeds/2503411594708317604/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://seldadogan.blogspot.com/2011/02/halk-susar-ugur-mumcu-konusur.html#comment-form' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2838159170020674341/posts/default/2503411594708317604'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2838159170020674341/posts/default/2503411594708317604'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://seldadogan.blogspot.com/2011/02/halk-susar-ugur-mumcu-konusur.html' title='Halk Susar Uğur Mumcu Konuşur'/><author><name>Selda</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11080742963396260033</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_duR5oAVR8PU/SbGQk_E-47I/AAAAAAAAAAM/yPPYwqbe0ng/S220/IMG_0684.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2838159170020674341.post-6253233797278273854</id><published>2010-12-03T16:31:00.000+02:00</published><updated>2010-12-03T16:32:14.620+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Kemalist düşünce açısından güncel durumun analizi</title><content type='html'>Türkçe dilbilgisi kurallarına göre, devam eden bir süreci fiilin sonuna getirilen "-mekte", "-makta" ekleriyle açıklarız. Bu bize, söz konusu eylemin devam ettiğini belirtirken aynı&lt;br /&gt;zamanda bu eylemin bir zaman sonra biteceği beklentisini de çağrıştırır. Buna en bilindik örneklerden biri, Türkiye’nin uluslararası iktisadi sınıflandırmada ‘gelişmekte olan ülke’&lt;br /&gt;olarak anılmasıdır. Gözümüzü açtığımızdan beri Türkiye hep ‘gelişmekte’dir. Ama bunca zamandır hiç ‘nihayet gelişmiş ülke’ olarak sınıflandırılamadık. Göstergelere bakıldığında, şu anda gelişmiş olmadığımız gibi önümüzdeki uzun yıllarda da hala ‘gelişmekte’liğimizindevam edeceğini öngörmek sağlam bir iktisatçı olmayı gerektirmiyor.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ülkelerin hangi nazariyeden gelişmiş olarak sınıflandırıldıklarını görmek içinse, bazı ölçütlere&lt;br /&gt;bakmak gerekiyor. İktisadın bilimini hiç bilmemiş olanlarımız için, ilk akla gelen ölçüt kişi&lt;br /&gt;başı milli gelirdir. Milli gelir, bir yılda ülkede üretilen malların ve hizmetlerin toplam karşılığı, kişi başı milli gelir ise bu toplamın nüfusa bölünmesiyle ortaya çıkan rakamı ifade eder. Uluslararası karşılaştırma kolaylığı açısından da genellikle dolar ile ifade edilir. Kavramın tanımında yer alan sakatlık hemen fark edilir derecededir. Örneklemek gerekirse, ünlü bilge ekonomist Başbakan tarafından Türkiye için açıklanan kişi başı yıllık 14,000 dolar gelir gerçekte her bir yurttaşın bir yılda kazandığı geliri ifade etmemektedir.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yani, miting meydanlarında ve her fırsatta kişi başı geliri 14,000 dolara yükselttiğini övünerek anlatan ve aynı zamanda dünyanın en zengin devlet adamlarından biri olan Başbakanın, 2009 yılında çıkan haberlere göre yaklaşık 2 milyar dolar servetinin aylık net 375 dolar karşılığı 544 liradan (2010 yılı ikinci yarıyıl asgari ücret tutarı) yaklaşık 5,5 milyon işçinin aylık maaşının toplamına denk gelen serveti ile örneğin 4C kapsamında modern kölelik düzeninde ve güvencesiz çalışmayı kabul etmediği için aylarca Ankara sokaklarında eylem yapan (ve kimse bilmese de hala İstanbul’da eylemlerine devam eden) TEKEL işçilerinin mecbur edildiği yıllık maaşların toplamı birleştirilir, ortaya çıkan rakam toplam kişi sayısına (yani bu örnekte TEKEL işçileri sayısı + Başbakan) bölünür ve hem Başbakanın hem de işçilerin hanesine yıllık kişi başı aynı gelir yazılır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kendi beyanına göre, yırtık ayakkabıyla futbol oynadığı günlerin 1980 darbesine denk geldiği göz önüne alındığında ve 1994 yılında Büyükşehir Belediye Başkanı olduğu da hesaba katılırsa, Başbakanın 2009 yılına kadar bu serveti biriktirebilmesi için yaklaşık 14 yıllık bir zaman ortaya çıkıyor. Bu da yılda ortalama 143 milyon dolar gelir demektir, yani bugünün rakamlarıyla, Başbakanın oğlunun-kızının-eşinin kazandıklarını hiç hesaba katmadan, tek başına 32,000 işçinin yıllık gelirinin toplamına eşittir. Yine kendi beyanına göre Başbakan ailesini hesabımıza katmadık ama işçiler için aynı şeyi söyleyemiyoruz. Her işçinin, kazandığı gelirle en az 4 kişilik ailesini geçindirdiği düşünülürse, bu devlet büyüğünün tek başına yaklaşık 130,000 kişiye ait olması gereken tutarı tek başına aldığını söylemek matematik açıdan hiç yanlış olmayacaktır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Durumu başka açıdan yorumlayacak olursak, aslında her fırsatta ifade edildiği gibi gerçekten&lt;br /&gt;müreffeh ve gönençli bir ülkede yaşıyor olsaydık 5,5 milyon işçinin kazanması gereken gelirin tamamı o ülkenin Başbakanında toplanmaz, işçiler kış vakti aylarca sokaklarda kalmaz, polisten de haklarını savundukları için dayak yemezlerdi. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;İşte Türkiye’nin en yalın, en görünür ifadesiyle ve yalnızca tek bir cepheden manzara-i iktisadiyatı...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Şimdilik sadece kuşbakışı gördüğümüz bu manzaranın tamamını görmek ve anlamak, dünya egemenlerinin sürdürdüğü topyekün savaşı anlamanın ilk adımı ve en önemli koşuludur.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Manzara-i Hariciye&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Türkiye’nin dış politikasında AKP hükümeti ile birlikte önemli bir yön değişikliğine de hep birlikte tanıklık ediyoruz. Özellikle 2007 sonrası ikinci AKP devrinin –iç politikanın her alanında olduğu gibi dış politikada da- agresif, kural tanımaz, kendi bildiğini okuyan, ‘din kardeşliği’ unsurları yoğun ve iç politik kaygılar barındıran, kahramanlık saiki ile hükmetme karakteristiğine geçiş, Türkiye için ‘dönüşüm’ kelimesini yerinde, anlamlı ve gerçekçi kılmaktadır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bir futbol maçına giderek Ermeni sorununun, Cumhuriyet tarihinde ABD’ye en çok giden Başbakan olmakla Amerikan Başkanı Obama’nın futbol keyfi yüzünden 45 dakika bekleme sorununun, bir yandan IMF’ye artık ümüğümüzü sıktırmayız derken (ki bu aynı zamanda daha önce sıktırılan ümüklerin itirafıdır) arka taraftan 2001 sonrası kurtarıcı olarak gelen teknokrat Ekonomi Bakanının koyduğu programı 8 yıllık iktidarı boyunca seve seve uygulama sorununun çözülemeyeceğini, Dubai Anlaşmasıi ile ülke menfaatlerini satmaya yeltenmesinin gizli kalmayacağını, iki kelime çarpık İngilizce ile kahraman olunamayacağını bilmesi gereken sorumlu kişiler ehil değillerse, ülke, emniyeti açılmış silahı şakağına çoktan dayamış demektir. Üstelik bu ülkenin halkı seçti gerekçesi de bunu kurtarmaz, çünkü silahı şakağa götüren el, kişinin kendi eli olsa da intihar intihardır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bu hariciye manzarasında şimdiye kadar gözün görebildiği alanlar içinde görece en genişi kuşkusuz Avrupa Birliği’dir. 1951 yılında imzalanan Paris Antlaşması ile Avrupa Kömür ve Çelik Topluluğu (AKÇT), 1957 yılındaki Roma Antlaşması ile de Avrupa Ekonomik Topluluğu (AET) adı altında sahneye çıkan Avrupa’nın Birliği için Türkiye, ilk olarak 1958 Temmuz’unda üyelik başvurusu yapmıştır. Yani bundan tam 52 yıl 4 ay önce... Bu geçen zamana, çok da sağlıklı olmayan bir insan ömrü sığar. Zaten incelendiğinde 1951’de doğan Avrupa Birliği’nin de şimdiye kadar çok sağlıklı olduğunu ve mevcut durumda ömrünün uzun olacağını söylemek fazla iyimserlik olur. 1958’de doğan Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği ilişkilerinin de çok sağlıklı olmadığı göz önüne alınmalıdır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Süregelen 52 yıllık zaman içerisinde Türkiye’nin Avrupa Birliği ile gerçekleştirdiği temaslar ve dönüm noktaları başka bir yazının konusu olacak genişliktedir. Ancak, Türkiye gerçekten Avrupa Birliği’ne girmeli midir, girecek midir, ne zaman girecektir, Avrupa Birliği’ne üye olmanın Kemalizm’in ana unsurlarından olan tam bağımsızlık ile bir çelişkisi var mıdır, Avrupa Birliği’ne üye olmadan Gümrük Birliği’ne neden girdik, Gümrük Birliği’ne girmemizin müsebbibi gerçekten Tansu Çiller midir, Gümrük Birliği’nin ekonomimize ne gibi etkileri vardır, Gümrük Birliği’nden çıkıp Avrupa Birliği ile köprüleri tamamen atsak ne olur, Avrupa Birliği’ne girmek için Kıbrıs’ı versek olur mu, vb. sorulara verilecek cevaplarımız ve bu cevaplarla zihnimizde oluşacak bir AB nosyonu da hiç kuşkusuz sadece sloganlarda anımsadığımız AB anlayışından daha derinlikli ve ayakları yere basar nitelikte olacaktır. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Manzara-i Dahiliye&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dış politik konularda bir dönüşüme işaret ettiği görülen 2007 noktası, iç meselelerde de yaşanan önemli olaylarla birlikte ikinci dönem AKP karakteristiğini de korumaktadır. ’80 darbesinin sonrasında gelen dönemi düşünürken zihnimizde canlanan resimde ve dilimize ilk düşen cümlelerde nasıl korku, yok edilme, hapis, işkence sözcükleri en baş köşedeyse, ikinci AKP döneminde de bu sözcükler değişmeden kalmış ve hatta üzerine başkaları da eklenmiştir.&lt;br /&gt;30 yıl önce herhangi bir haberin yayılma imkanlarıyla şimdiki imkanları bir karşılaştıralım.&lt;br /&gt;Ortaya çıkan sonuç ve aradaki devasa fark, bugünün siyasetinden bahsederken anmadan geçmeyeceğimiz ‘yandaş’ sözcüğüyle birlikte yürütülen savaşın nasıl ‘topyekün’ hale geldiğini bize gösterecektir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Şu anda yayın yapan onlarca televizyon kanalında, gazetelerde, dergilerde hep aynı isimler ve ağızlarında hep aynı kelimeler... 3 yıl önce hiç adını duymadığımız, hiçbir yerde tek satır yazısını görmediğimiz kişiler izleyenlere, dinleyenlere, okuyanlara ve hatta neredeyse seçmenlere yön verir duruma geldi. Yaşanan gelişmelerde ilk onların düşünceleri, değerlendirmeleri alınır oldu. Kendi okuyup dinlediklerine göre, tarihi de dikkate alarak değerlendirme yapmanın ne kadar zor olduğunun farkında olanlar da, bu ‘kanaat önderlerinin’ söylediklerini kendi beyinlerine aynen kopyaladı.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bu kanaat önderlerini en çok kullanan taraf ise, iktidarı elinde bulunduran AKP oldu. Kamuoyu önünde kendi partisine mensup olanların görüşlerini belirtmesini yasaklayarak aynı zamanda hesap vermekten kaçan bu parti, ‘yandaşlar’ ağzıyla kendini savunmaya devam etti. Dezenformasyona ve bilgi kirliliğine dayanan bu psikolojik harekatta belki çok azımızın dikkatinden kaçmayan şey, bir düğmeye basılınca yukardan yağan renkli konfetiler gibi bir anda zihinlerimize düşürülen bazı sözlerdir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sıralayalım bunları:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Demokrasi/demokratikleşme, normalleşme, laikçi/laikçilik, Kemalist elit, din özgürlüğü, sivilleşme, özgürleşme, Atatürk diktatörlüğü, Atatürk demokratik değildi, vb...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Yandaşların zihinlerinden bu kelimeleri çıkardığınızda geriye anlamlı cümle kuracak pek bir şey kalmayacaktır. Yüzüne bakıldığında okur-yazar olduğuna bile inanmakta zorlandığımız bu yandaşların bu kelimeleri nasıl ortaya çıkarabildiği, daha ilginci 2007 sonrasında bir anda bir koro gibi hepsinin aynı anda nasıl bu sözleri kullandığını en az benim kadar merak edenler vardır. Veya son üç yıldır yaşananların aslında hükümetin işi değil de CIA işi bir kurgu olduğunu düşünüp ama bunun için kanıt bulamayanlarınız...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Merak içinde olanları son 3 yılın kodlarını çözmeye yönlendirecek öncelikli iki kaynağım var. Birincisi, 2007 yılında ABD’de ve 2008 yılı başında Türkiye’de yayımlanan bir kitap: ‘Yeni Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’. Kitabın yazarı CIA Türkiye masası eski şefi Graham E. Fuller. Türkiye’de dönüşümün henüz başlamadığı 2007 yılında yazılan bu kitabın kapağını çevirip içine bakınca daha önsözde kodları çözmeye başlayacak ve şaşıracaksınız. Yukarıda sıraladığım tüm kelimeleri henüz önsözünde barındırdığını göreceksiniz. Örneğin, yandaşların ağızlarından hiç düşürmediği bir ‘laikçi’ sözcüğü vardır. Gerçekte siyasetin biliminde ve pratiğinde böyle bir kelime yoktur.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bizim ‘laiklik’ olarak bildiğimiz kelime İngilizce’de ‘laicism’ ve ‘laik’ olarak bildiğimiz kelime ‘laicist’dir. Üstün zekalı yandaşlar da önlerine konan belgeleri doğru düzgün çevirme zahmetine bile girmeden sonunda ‘-ist’ gördükleri bu kelimenin sonuna Türkçe’sinde ‘-çi’ ekleyip çevirmek suretiyle Türk siyasi literatürüne ‘laikçi’ sözcüğünü kazandırmışlardır. Kitabın arka kapağında başka yabancı yazarlar tarafından yazılan değerlendirme yazılarını okuduğunuzda, bu yazılardan aklınızda kalan tek şey olacak; kitabın zamanlamasının müthiş olduğu...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;İkinci kaynağım, ABD savunmasına raporlar yazmasıyla bilinen RAND Corporation isimli düşünce kuruluşu tarafından yine 2007 yılı sonunda hazırlanan ‘Türkiye’de Siyasal İslamın Yükselişi’ isimli araştırma raporu. Bu raporda da ilginç bilgiler okuyacaksınız. Raporun aslı İngilizce ve çevirisi henüz yapılmamış. Kemalist Politika olarak ilerleyen zamanlarda bu ve benzeri raporların çevirilerini okuyucularımızla paylaşacağız.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Son söz...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Kemalist Politika ile yola çıkarken önümüzde duran manzarada en öne çıkanları göstermek benim ve her Kemalist’in göreviydi, görevimi yerine getirmeye çalıştım. Kısaca bahsettiğim her bir konu ayrı ayrı sayfalarca yazılacak kadar geniş, detaylı ve önemli... Diğer cephelerden görünen manzaraları da daha detaylı olarak ilerleyen yazılarda hep birlikte seyredeceğiz. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Selda Doğan&lt;br /&gt;seldadogannn@googlemail.com&lt;br /&gt;http://www.kemalistpolitika.com/index.php/yazarlar/92-selda-dogan/293-kemalist-dueuence-acsndan-guencel-durumun-analizi&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2838159170020674341-6253233797278273854?l=seldadogan.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://seldadogan.blogspot.com/feeds/6253233797278273854/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://seldadogan.blogspot.com/2010/12/kemalist-dusunce-acsndan-guncel-durumun.html#comment-form' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2838159170020674341/posts/default/6253233797278273854'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2838159170020674341/posts/default/6253233797278273854'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://seldadogan.blogspot.com/2010/12/kemalist-dusunce-acsndan-guncel-durumun.html' title='Kemalist düşünce açısından güncel durumun analizi'/><author><name>Selda</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11080742963396260033</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_duR5oAVR8PU/SbGQk_E-47I/AAAAAAAAAAM/yPPYwqbe0ng/S220/IMG_0684.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2838159170020674341.post-7577656115400994171</id><published>2010-11-23T16:23:00.002+02:00</published><updated>2010-11-23T16:23:59.180+02:00</updated><title type='text'>CHP GENEL BAŞKANI  KEMAL KILIÇDAROĞLU’nun  Sosyalist Enternasyonal Konseyi’nde 15 Kasım 2010’da yaptığı konuşma</title><content type='html'>CHP GENEL BAŞKANI  KEMAL KILIÇDAROĞLU’nun&lt;br /&gt;Sosyalist Enternasyonal Konseyi’nde 15 Kasım 2010’da yaptığı konuşma&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;KÜRESEL EKONOMİ ve TÜRKİYE&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sosyalist Enternasyonal Konseyi’nin değerli başkan ve üyeleri, hepinizi ülkem ve Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi adına saygıyla selamlarım.  Size partimin başkanı olarak ilk kez hitap etmekten onur duymaktayım. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bu toplantının gerçekleştiği tarih dilimi, dünyada hem siyasi hem ekonomik hem de çevresel düzlemlerde önemli değişimlerin olduğu, küresel ekonomide bir kırılma ve yeniden yapılanma sürecinden geçildiği bir momentuma denk gelmektedir. Bu bakımdan bu toplantıda yapılacak tartışmaların, ikili görüşmelerin ve çıkacak sonuç bildirgesinin de aynı derecede önemli olacağını düşünüyorum.&lt;br /&gt;-I-&lt;br /&gt;Küresel ekonomi 2007’den başlamak üzere önemli bir kriz sürecinden geçmektedir. Henüz krizin artçı dalgaları tamamen atlatılmış değildir. Yükselen ekonomilerde kriz öncesine dönüşler olmakla birlikte, krizin çıkış ülkesi olan ABD’de ve diğer gelişmiş ülkelerde  ekonomik toparlanma henüz genellikle zayıftır ve gelecek beklentileri tam olarak iyimserliğe dönmüş değildir.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Hepimizin bildiği gibi, 2000’li yıllarda ABD’den başlamak üzere ortaya çıkan aşırı finansallaşma eğilimleri, sonuçta üretim ile finansal işlemler arasındaki bağlantıyı kopardı, kırılgan ekonomik ve mali yapılar oluşturdu. Sonuçta bu finansal şişkinlik 2007’den itibaren bir mali krize neden oldu ve bunun etkileri hala sürmekte. Mali kriz, Mart 2009’a kadarki dönemde sıcak para akımlarının gelişmekte olan ülkelerden gelişmiş ülkelere geri dönmesine yol açtı; bu ters akımın etkisiyle bu ülkelerin paraları, döviz karşısında hızla değer yitirdi. Ancak metropol ülkelerdeki sıfıra yakın faizli likidite, Mart 2009 sonrasında hızla çevre ekonomilerine geri aktı. Bu defa bu ülkelerin, Çin hariç, ulusal paraları aşırı değerlenme sürecine girdi. Son olarak geçen hafta  Amerikan Merkez Bankası’nın (FED’in) 600 milyar dolarlık yeni bir genişleyici para politikası kararı alması da doların ucuzlamasıyla sonuçlanabilecektir ve bu bakımdan haklı kaygılara neden olmaktadır.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sıcak para akımlarının çevre ekonomilerinin paralarını aşırı değerlenmeye zorlamasının en olumsuz sonuçları, bu ülkelerin ithalata daha açık hale gelmeleri, sanayiden başlamak üzere üretken sektörlerinin aşınması ve işsizlik artışı olmaktadır. Üstelik Türkiye gibi yüksek dış ticaret ve cari açıklar veren ülkelerde “istihdam yaratmayan büyüme” olarak adlandırılan bu model sadece kriz sonrasında değil tüm 2000’li yıllarda geçerli olmuştur. Sıcak para, başta Türkiye olmak üzere, yurtiçi üretimin önündeki en büyük engel konumuna gelmiştir. Bu kısır döngüden çıkılması ve işsizliğin yönetilebilir bir düzeye çekilmesi gerekmektedir. Ve bunun sadece Türkiye’nin ve benzer ekonomik yapıdaki ülkelerin sorunu olmadığını, tüm gelişmiş ülkeler ve Sosyalist Enternasyonalin de  ortak sorumluluk alanı içinde olduğunu düşünüyoruz. Çünkü işsizlik, sosyal güvencesiz istihdam ve yoksullaşma süreci sadece ekonomileri değil, demokrasileri de tehdit etmektedir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Öte yandan, çevre ekonomilerinde sıcak paraya ödenen aşırı kâr ve faiz transferlerinin yol açtığı “dışa kanama” (= “hémorragie des capitaux”) da istihdamsız büyümenin yanına ek bir fatura olarak eklenmektedir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-II-&lt;br /&gt;Türkiye, büyümesini dış açıklarla finanse ettiği için, 2007 krizine kırılgan bir yapıda yakalanmıştır. Bu nedenle, krizden en çok etkilenen ülkelerin ilk sıralarında yer almıştır. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Türkiye’de son 10 yılın ekonomik politikalarının en büyük mağdurları, emekçiler, çiftçiler, emekliler, esnaf, işsizler yani geniş halk kitleleri olmuştur. Küresel ekonominin getirdiği acımasız rekabet ilişkileri, işsizliği ve yoksulluğu arttırıp kronik bir soruna dönüştürürken, buna çözüm olabilecek sosyal devleti de geriletmiş, aile birimini sarsmış, mutsuz çoğunluğun saflarını genişletmiştir. Türkiye’de sosyal harcamalar yetersiz ve keyfidir. Toplumun gereksinmelerine göre değil, iktidarın siyasi gereksinmelerine göre ayarlanmaktadır. O nedenle iktidar hukuki düzeneklere bağlı sosyal yardımlardan, aile sigortasını uygulamaktan kaçınmaktadır. İşsizlik Sigortası Fonu’nda son 10 yılda biriken 40 milyar doların sadece 2 milyar doları yani sadece yüzde 5’i işsizlere bir hak olarak aktarılmıştır. Benim partim bütün bunları düzeltmeye, sadaka tarzı yardımlardan sosyal hak kavramına geçişi sağlamaya, aile sigortasını uygulamaya, başta sağlık ve eğitim olmak üzere insani gelişme araçlarına yatırım yapmaya, kadının toplumdaki ve iş yaşamındaki durumunu desteklemeye, sendikal hakları geliştirmeye, kısacası sosyal devleti yeniden inşa etmeye taliptir. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-III-&lt;br /&gt;Burada ele alınan konunun temel sorusu şudur: Kimsenin ticaret avantajını kaptırmak istemediği bir dünyada, durgunluğa (recession) ve korumacılığa dönüş riski büyümeyecek midir?  &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bize göre tüm tarafların ortak çıkarları karşılıklı ödünlerden ve bir bütün olarak dünya ekonomisini büyüme rampasına yeniden sokmaktan geçiyor. Düşük ücret ve düşük sosyal haklar koşullarında rekabet avantajı elde etme anlayışlarından vazgeçmeyi gerektiriyor. Sosyal ve çevresel sorunlara daha fazla çözüm üretmeye odaklanmayı gerektiriyor. İç talebin tüm ülkelerde desteklenmesini; bunun için de geniş emekçi kesimlerin satın alma güçlerinin yükseltilmesini, gelir bölüşümünü düzeltici ve sosyal hakları geliştirici politikaların öne çıkmasını gerektiriyor. İşsizlikle, kayıt dışı istihdamla, çocuk istihdamıyla, kadın işçilere yönelik ayırımcılıkla,  kölelik koşullarında işçi çalıştırma uygulamalarıyla, insan hakları ihlalleriyle kararlı bir mücadeleyi gerektiriyor. Kısacası, insana öncelik veren sol yönetimlerin işbaşına gelmesini; zaten işbaşında olanların ise ellerinin güçlenmesini gerektiriyor. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bu nedenle, bugün burada toplanan Sosyalist Enternasyonal Konseyi tarihi bir momentumda bir araya gelmektedir. Dünyanın geleceğinin barışçı, çevreci, kalkınmacı, eşitlikçi bir iklimde gerçekleşebilmesi için hepimize tarihi sorumluluklar düşmektedir. Bu düşüncelerle, Sosyalist Enternasyonal Konseyi’nin 15-16 Kasım 2010 Paris toplantısının başarılı geçmesini diliyorum. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;İlginiz için teşekkür eder, tüm katılımcıları saygıyla selamlarım.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2838159170020674341-7577656115400994171?l=seldadogan.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://seldadogan.blogspot.com/feeds/7577656115400994171/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://seldadogan.blogspot.com/2010/11/chp-genel-baskani-kemal-kilicdaroglunun.html#comment-form' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2838159170020674341/posts/default/7577656115400994171'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2838159170020674341/posts/default/7577656115400994171'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://seldadogan.blogspot.com/2010/11/chp-genel-baskani-kemal-kilicdaroglunun.html' title='CHP GENEL BAŞKANI  KEMAL KILIÇDAROĞLU’nun  Sosyalist Enternasyonal Konseyi’nde 15 Kasım 2010’da yaptığı konuşma'/><author><name>Selda</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11080742963396260033</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_duR5oAVR8PU/SbGQk_E-47I/AAAAAAAAAAM/yPPYwqbe0ng/S220/IMG_0684.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2838159170020674341.post-2729092540483262496</id><published>2010-11-23T16:14:00.001+02:00</published><updated>2010-11-23T16:17:27.596+02:00</updated><title type='text'>Speech by KEMAL KILIÇDAROĞLU, Chairman of Republican People’s Party (CHP),   at the Council meeting of Socialist International, Paris, 15 Nov. 2010</title><content type='html'>Speech by KEMAL KILIÇDAROĞLU, Chairman of Republican People’s Party (CHP), &lt;br /&gt;at the Council meeting of Socialist International, Paris, 15 November 2010&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;GLOBAL ECONOMY AND TURKEY&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Dear President and Members of the Council of Socialist International,&lt;br /&gt;I respectfully greet all of you on behalf of my country and Republican People’s Party. I feel honored to give speech for the first time as the leader of my Party.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The time period of this meeting coincides with very important changes in political, economic and environmental dimensions, and also with the period of fragility and restructuring in global economy. In this respect, I think the debates, bilateral discussions and the final declaration will carry the same importance as these.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-I-&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As of 2007, the global economy faced with a serious crisis. Economies have not overcome the aftershocks, yet. Though emerging economies started to return to their pre-crisis positions back, in the USA and the other developed countries, in other words, in the originating countries of the crisis, the recovery is still slow and the projections are not positive.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;As we all know, the excessive financialization tendencies emerged primarily in the USA in 2000s broke the links between production and financial transactions, and created fragile economic and financial structures. This financial bubble resulted with a financial crisis and its effects still exist. By 2009, the financial crisis caused the return of hot money flows from emerging economies back to the developed countries. Through the effects of this reverse flow, the depreciation of the currencies came into question in the developed economies. However, following March 2009, the liquidity at near-zero-interest rate in large countries run to the peripherial economies rapidly. This brought the turn for appreciation of national currencies in these economies, -except China. In light of these, the most recent decision of FED for a new expansionary monetary policy of $ 600 billion is likely to lead to the depreciation of dollar and to raise concerns.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The most negative outcomes of hot money flows forcing peripherial economies to the excessive appreciation of national currencies are vulnerability of these economies to import, the abrasion of productive sectors, especially industrial sectors, and increase in unemployment rates. Moreover, in economies suffering from high trade balance and current account deficits like in Turkey’s, the model named “growth without employment” is applied not just after the crisis, but throughout 2000s. Hot money has become the most important challenge for domestic production, especially for Turkey. It is necessary to leave this vicious circle and decrease the unemployment to manageble levels. And we think, that does matter not only for Turkey, but for the countries at the same economic levels, and that is in common responsibility area of Socialist International and all developed countries. Because unemployment, employment without social security and poverty threaten not only the economies but also the democracies.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the other hand, “hemorrhage of capital” (= “hémorragie des capitaux”) caused by excessive profits and interest transfers paid for hot money in peripherial economies is also counted as an additional cost to growth without employment.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-II-&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Turkish economy was very fragile at early times of 2007 crisis, since the financing of the growth was based on the trade balance deficit. That was the reason why Turkey was one of the countries which were mostly and strongly affected by the crisis. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mass groups, including laborers, farmers, the retired, tradesmen and unemployed, had been affected the most by economic policies implemented in Turkey in the last decade. Cruel competition brought up by global economy had turned unemployment and poverty into a chronic problem and caused the recession of the social state that could be a solution to the competition. It also harmed family and increased unhappy people.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In Turkey, social expenditures are not enough and granted not systematically. It is organized by the political requirements of the government, not by social requirements. For that reason, the government refrains from applying family insurance among the social benefits subject to legal arrangements. Only $ 2 billion (5%) of $ 40 billion of the Unemployment Insurance Fund had been granted as a benefit to the unemployed people in the last decade. My party is willing to correct it, bring up rights-based social approach instead of a charity approach, implement family insurance, invest on humanitarian development means such as health and education, support the existence of women in social and business life, develop union rights, and restructure social state system.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;-III-&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The main question about the issue handled here: In such a world that no one wants to lose its trade advantage, will the risk of recession and return to protectionism not icrease?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In our point of view, common interests of all parties lie in reciprocity and putting the world economy as a whole to the way of growth, leaving the perception of getting competitive advantage by low wage and poor social rights, and focusing on paying more attention to solve the social and environmental issues. These common interests also require supporting the domestic demand in all countries; for this purpose it is necessary to increase the purchase power of laborers and to concentrate on policies improving the income distribution and social rights. It is also required to resolutely struggle with unemployment, informal employment, child employment, discrimination against woman workers, working under slavery conditions and violation of human rights. In brief, these require leftist governments prioritising human come into power; and strenghten if they are currently ruling.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As a consequence, the Council of Socialist International met here today has a historical importance. We all carry historical responsibilities for creating a peaceful, environmentalist, developmentalist and egalitarian world in the future. Having all these thoughts in mind, I wish the Council of Socialist International a successful meeting on 15 November 2010 in Paris. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thank you for your interest, and I respectfully salute all the participants.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2838159170020674341-2729092540483262496?l=seldadogan.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://seldadogan.blogspot.com/feeds/2729092540483262496/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://seldadogan.blogspot.com/2010/11/speech-by-kemal-kilicdaroglu-chairman.html#comment-form' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2838159170020674341/posts/default/2729092540483262496'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2838159170020674341/posts/default/2729092540483262496'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://seldadogan.blogspot.com/2010/11/speech-by-kemal-kilicdaroglu-chairman.html' title='Speech by KEMAL KILIÇDAROĞLU, Chairman of Republican People’s Party (CHP),   at the Council meeting of Socialist International, Paris, 15 Nov. 2010'/><author><name>Selda</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11080742963396260033</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_duR5oAVR8PU/SbGQk_E-47I/AAAAAAAAAAM/yPPYwqbe0ng/S220/IMG_0684.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2838159170020674341.post-7720493488236721314</id><published>2010-07-25T03:43:00.004+03:00</published><updated>2010-07-25T03:56:54.705+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Absorption Capacity of The European Union: Budgetary Burden of Turkey’s Membership on The European Union</title><content type='html'>Abstract&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This paper puts the spotlight on the absorption capacity of the European Union, which was always kept in mind of the EU during the historical evolution of the Community in every enlargement period even not with the same wording, and re-emerged especially when it came to Turkey’s membership in the early 2000s. The term has political, institutional and economic dimensions. For Turkey, the budgetary impact of the membership was highlighted and tried to show the fears of the member states of the EU with concrete numerical evidences. If Turkey were a European Union member, some countries like Germany, France (as being the net payer of the EU budget) and Spain, Cyprus (as being the net beneficiary of the EU budget and the future net payers with the Turkish membership) were mostly affected.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keywords: Absorption capacity, Turkey, EU budget, net payer, net beneficiary&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Evolution of the term “absorption capacity”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The term “absorption capacity” was at first not located in any official documents of the European Union. However, the notion behind the term was always in the minds of the Union’s ‘big guns’.&lt;br /&gt;“The prospect of further enlargement at a time when the full consequences of the preceding one have not yet been absorbed must give rise to concern. The Commission considers therefore that any further enlargement must be accompanied by a substantial improvement in the efficiency of the Community’s decision-making processes and strengthening of its common institutions.”&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The statements above were the response to Greek membership application in 1976. The wording may seem familiar. Whenever it comes to the Turkey’s membership, these words are mentioned. Enlargement is one of the most powerful policy tools of the EU. The fifth enlargement of the European Union was followed the accession of ten new members on 1st May 2004. These new EU countries were ex-communist countries and had different economic and political structures than of the EU. Enlargement policy is defined by Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union, which states that any European State, which respects the EU’s fundamental democratic principles, may apply to become a member of the Union. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In Copenhagen summit, the term was first seen in official texts in the conclusions:&lt;br /&gt;“The Union's capacity to absorb new members, while maintaining the momentum of European integration, is also an important consideration in the general interest of both the Union and the candidate countries.” &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After the big enlargement of the EU with ten new, ex-communist countries, and the rejection of the draft Constitution by France and the Netherlands in 2005, the term was reactivated.  This is because of the prospects for further enlargement, especially for the largest candidate, Turkey.  The rejection of the referenda in France and the Netherlands mostly based on the perception of the public of these countries that the European project was malfunctioned.  The term took an official characteristic with the Enlargement Strategy Paper of the European Commission:&lt;br /&gt;“The pace of enlargement has to take into consideration the EU’s absorption capacity. Enlargement is about sharing a project based on common principles, policies and institutions. The Union has to ensure it can maintain its capacity to act and decide according to a fair balance within its institutions; respect budgetary limits; and implement common policies that function well and achieve their objectives.” &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In February 2006 upon the Commission’s enlargement strategy paper, the European Parliament highlighted the importance of the absorption capacity concept and wanted the Commission to prepare a report by 31 December 2006 that sets out the principles about the concept. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In June 2006 European Council Summit, Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and especially France forced this term to take place in the conclusions and be an additional criteria for for membership. However, the opposition of the UK, Spain, Italy and the new member states beat the forcing countries and the term finally did not become an additional criteria. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In 2006, the term took place in the conclusions of the European Council Summit as follows:&lt;br /&gt;“The European Union reaffirmed that it will honor its exiting commitments and emphasized that every effort should be made to protect the cohesion and effectiveness of the Union. It will be important to ensure in future that the Union is able to function politically, financially and institutionally as it enlarges, and to further deepen the Europe’s common project. Therefore the European Council will, at its meeting in December 2006, have a debate on all aspects of further enlargements, including the Union’s capacity to absorb new members and further ways of improving the quality of the enlargement process on the basis of the positive experiences so far. It recalls in this connection that the pace of enlargement must take the Union’s absorption capacity into account. The Commission is invited to provide a special report on all relevant aspects pertaining to the Union’s absorption capacity, at the same time as it presents its annual progress reports on enlargement and pre-accession process. This specific analysis should also cover the issue of present and future perception of enlargement by citizens and should take into account the need to explain the enlargement process adequately to the public within the Union.” &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The definition of the absorption capacity by the European Commission was as ‘whether the EU can take in new members while continuing to function effectively’. European Parliament adopted a resolution by a large majority, defining the absorption capacity as a criterion for accepting the accession of new countries and fundamental to understanding the concept of absorption capacity. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Dimensions of absorption capacity&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The membership criteria (known as Copenhagen criteria) set by European Council Summit in Copenhagen in 1993 set forth the conditions for membership of the European Union. According to the conclusions of this summit:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;“Membership requires that the candidate country has achieved stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities, the existence of a functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union.” &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the contrary, the absorption capacity has no official definition. The following classification can make clear the term to some extent when the EU’s objectives are taken into consideration:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;· Capacity of the goods and service markets to absorb new member states&lt;br /&gt;· Capacity of the labor market to absorb new member states&lt;br /&gt;· Capacity of the EU’s budget to absorb new member states&lt;br /&gt;· Capacity of the EU institutions to function with new member states&lt;br /&gt;· Capacity of society to absorb new member states&lt;br /&gt;· Capacity of the EU to assure its strategic security &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beside, during the summit in 2006, the French President Jacques Chirac who initiated the debate by highlighting that enlargement ‘should only continue in a process that is controlled and better understood’. He also defined the ‘absorption capacity’ of the EU as an institutional, financial and political capacity. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Institutional Dimension&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Regarding to its high population of approximately 75 millions, the membership of Turkey will create a challenge in the decision making process of the European Union. After the institutional reforms in Amsterdam (1997) and Nice (2000), Turkey with its population of 73 millions in 2003, and as foreseen 85 millions in 2015, will have 99 MEPs and dominant place in the decision making process. This situation may cause crisis in the Union. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Political Dimension&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Turkey’s membership has also political implications. Turkey has important geopolitical and geostrategic position in the world, as well as much more specific impacts on EU institutions, policies and internal political dynamics. Some of these impacts can be qualified now and some in the future. It depends on how Turkey and the EU will evolve in next 10-20 years. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Some have suggested that Turkey should be a ‘buffer area’ outside the EU, but not only is Turkey unwilling to accept and play such a role, Turkey may not be either stable or a cooperative EU partner if it remains outside the Union in the long run. The EU can influence Turkey’s external and internal security policies and foreign policies if it is a member, but will have much smaller influence otherwise. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the EU-28, Turkey and Germany have both approx. 14,5% vote each.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Economic Dimension&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Being a big, poor country with its large population and small economy, Turkey’s membership has various potential political and economic implications. Opponents to Turkish accession suggest that Turkey will be both too powerful and too costly in budget terms to join the EU. Size per se is not a criterion for EU membership but potential impact of size on the Union is an important and relevant factor in managing accession. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Table 3 sets out data for gross domestic product (GDP) at market prices and purchasing power parity for Turkey and a selection of EU member states and candidates. Although Turkey’s population of 70 million almost equals that of the ten new member states at 75 million, it is poorer. The new ten member states account for 16% of EU-25 population and 4.6% of EU GDP, while Turkey’s GDP in 2002 is only 1.9% of that of the EU-25. Turkey’s GDP per head (in purchasing power parity terms) is slightly below that of Romania, and is only 27% of the EU average. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;An opposition for Turkey’s EU membership came from an Austrian leader, Wolfgang Schüssel, who was the President of the EU in 2005. He argued: “Turkey's EU accession would cost as much as the recent accession of all ten new members. Before saying there is full membership for Turkey, someone has to explain to me how to finance that. We have to keep the absorption capacity of the EU in mind. This is what we owe to the anxieties and worries of our citizens.” &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. European Union Budget&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The budget of the EU is made up from a system of own resources. Import customs duties, agricultural levies or duties, part of Valued Added Tax (VAT) and revenue based on the gross national income (GNI) of the member countries constitute these “own resources” as they are known. The maximum amount to which member countries can contribute in own resources is limited to 1.27% of GNI of the EU. Among own resources there are some other less important sources of revenue that are classified into a group known as other revenue. The revenue of the EU budget is divided into the following:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; - Customs duties – customs and other duties that are collected according to the Common Customs Tariff on the import of products of countries outside the EU; &lt;br /&gt; - Agricultural duties, among which there are customs duties on the import of farm products and levies for sugar and glucose. These levies are collected during trading with extra-EU countries, as part of the CAP and of the production and storage of sugar and glucose.&lt;br /&gt; - Revenue accruing from VAT. This revenue is established for each country by the application of a single rate on the harmonized tax base, which is established according to certain EU rules. From 1999, this base has not been allowed to exceed 50% of the GNI of the member states, and a reduction of the single rate year after year is anticipated (in 2002 it came to 0.75%, in 2004, 0.5%). &lt;br /&gt; - Revenue as a percentage of the GNI of the member states. This revenue is calculated in such a way that a certain rate is applied to the difference between the GNI of every member state and the harmonized VAT base.&lt;br /&gt; - Other sources of revenue consist of income tax and fees that are paid by the personnel of EU institutions, revenue from interest and guarantees, revenue from fines and other revenues. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The largest part of the EU budget is reserved for sustainable growth, in which the cohesion funds play an important role.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Tradeoff for Turkey in the EU Budget&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The numbers calculated above in the table represent the maximum that would be achieved only after a considerable transition period, as in the case of the new member countries from Central and Eastern Europe, assuming current rules. The immediate post-membership transfers would be much lower, as in the case of all new member countries. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If Turkey were a member country in 2004, it could count on Structural Funds allocations, which would be capped at 4% of its GDP as decided at the Berlin European Council. Given that Turkey’s GDP has averaged around €200 billion in recent years, this implies immediately that its allocation would be around €8 billion annually. It has also been calculated that extending the current CAP to Turkey (with per hectare payments based on current yields) would cost around €9 billion. This implies that the total receipts of a hypothetical Turkish EU member today might be slightly less than €20 billion (Turkey would also receive funding under other programs). Turkey would then also have to contribute as all other member states to the EU budget. With a current contribution rate of around 1% of GNP (the ceiling for the EU budget is 1.25% of GDP, but the EU spends just slightly above 1% of GDP at present), this would mean around €2 billion annually, leading to a net financial benefit of around €16 billion annually.  In 2015, the net benefit of Turkey from the EU budget will increase to the 0,20 % of EU GDP.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Table 6 shows the net payer member state in EU-27, EU-33 (EU-27 plus Albania, Croatia, Bosnia- Herzegovina, Macedonia, Serbia and Montenegro) and EU-34 (EU-33 plus Turkey). Accession of Turkey would bring burden for EU more than the sum of the six West Balkan countries.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Table 7 shows the net beneficiary member states of the EU-27 and changes in their situations with the forthcoming enlargements. The most outstanding is about the changes in the situations of Spain and Cyprus. They become net payers with the accession of Turkey while they are net beneficiaries in EU-27 and EU-33. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;5. Conclusion&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The discourse on the absorption capacity of the EU has been perceived as an alibi to turn backs to Turkey. The timing and the frequent reference to the case of Turkey throughout the debate have not been very helpful in that sense either. However, the fact that these are not entirely fictive concerns to sever ties with Turkey as a prospective member and that at least some of them are true. Turkey is indeed a major challenge for its counterparts due to its size, economic circumstances. In the same vein, the road to membership will also pose challenges for Turkey.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The figures in the range of 0.15% to at most 0.20% of EU GDP may seem to be small numbers but compared to national government expenditure, which is usually around 40-50% of GDP, they are negligible. However, a figure of 0.17% of EU GDP would not be negligible compared to the EU-budget ceiling of 1.25% of GDP. Net transfers in the €9-12 billion range in the first years of the membership and of about €15 to €20 billion in the 2020s would constitute an important amount for Turkey and a significant amount for the EU budget. But it is doubtful whether they will be negligible compared to the total of national budgets or the overall EU economy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;References&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Derviş, Kemal; Gros, Daniel; Öztrak, Faik; Işık, Yusuf and Bayar, Fırat: “Turkey and the EU Budget, Prospects and Issues”, Center for European Studies, EU-Turkey Working Papers, No.6/August 2004.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Emerson, Michael; Aydın, Senem; De Clerck-Sachsse, Julia and Noutcheva, Gergana: “Just What is This ‘Absorption Capacity’ of The European Union?”, CEPS Policy Brief, No.113, September 2006.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Esen Toksabay, Aslı: “Absorption Capacity of the EU and Turkish Accession: Definitions and Comments”, TEPAV Policy Brief, 9 May 2007.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;European Commission, 2005 Enlargement Strategy Paper, COM (2005) 561 final, Brussels 9.11.2005, p. 3.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;European Council Meeting in Copenhagen, 21-22 June 1993, SN 180/1/93, p. 13, 14.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;European Council, Presidency Conclusions, 15-16 June 2006, p. 18.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;European Parliament (2006), Report on the Commission’s 2005 Enlargement Strategy Paper, 3.3.2006, A6-0025/2006.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hughes, Kirsty: “Turkey and The European Union: Just Another Enlargement? Exploring the Implications of Turkish Accession”, Friends of Europe Working Paper, European Policy Summit, 17 June 2004.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Olli Rehn: “Europe Needs a New Consensus on Enlargement”, speech at the Eduskunza seminar on the Future of Europe, Pori, 20 July 2006 (accessible at www.europa.eu.int/rapid)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Richter, Sandor: “Facing the Monster ‘Juste Retour’ on the Net Financial Position of Member States Vis-à-vis the EU Budget and A Proposal For Reform”, EU-Consent EU-Budget Working Paper, No. 7, August 2008.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Simovic, Hrvoje: “The European Union Budget”, UDC 336.12(4-67 EU) JEL H72, 2005.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://eiop.or.at/eiop/pdf/2005-006.pdf (20.06.2010)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://ec.europa.eu/budget/budget_detail/current_year_en.htm (21.06.2010)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5094938.stm (21.06.2010)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://www.eu-consent.net/library/papers/EU-Budget_wp7.pdf (21.06.2010)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://www.tobb.org.tr/abm/raporlaryayinlar/turkey%20and%20eu%20budget.pdf (21.06.2010)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://www.uni-muenster.de/Politikwissenschaft/Doppeldiplom/docs/Turkey.pdf (21.06.2010)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2838159170020674341-7720493488236721314?l=seldadogan.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://seldadogan.blogspot.com/feeds/7720493488236721314/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://seldadogan.blogspot.com/2010/07/absorption-capacity-of-european-union.html#comment-form' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2838159170020674341/posts/default/7720493488236721314'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2838159170020674341/posts/default/7720493488236721314'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://seldadogan.blogspot.com/2010/07/absorption-capacity-of-european-union.html' title='Absorption Capacity of The European Union: Budgetary Burden of Turkey’s Membership on The European Union'/><author><name>Selda</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11080742963396260033</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_duR5oAVR8PU/SbGQk_E-47I/AAAAAAAAAAM/yPPYwqbe0ng/S220/IMG_0684.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2838159170020674341.post-7590596001371805525</id><published>2010-07-24T22:15:00.002+03:00</published><updated>2010-07-24T22:32:21.143+03:00</updated><title type='text'>Portugal in Trouble...</title><content type='html'>PORTUGAL IN TROUBLE:&lt;br /&gt;AN INWARD LOOK ONTO THE PROBLEMS&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beginning with late 2008, the global economic crisis firstly seen in the USA hit also the countries of Eurozone. Along with Greece, Spain, Italy and Ireland, Portugal was also the Eurozone country which was affected from the global crisis mostly. This article investigates the possible root causes of the crisis in Portugal, and the determinants of competitive disinflation and whether the crisis stemmed from the entry of Portugal into EMU. Multiple regression analysis was used for the period between 1999 and 2009. The results of the empirical analysis show that the monetary policy of the ECB (interest rate) and the entry into EMU (productivity, inflation) have negative effects on the current account imbalance of&lt;br /&gt;Portugal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Keywords: Current Account Deficit, ECB Interest Rate, Productivity, Competitive&lt;br /&gt;Disinflation&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1. Introduction&lt;br /&gt;Originating from USA subprime loan crisis as of 2007, the current global economic crisis has affected the world economy. In the USA, the underestimation of subprime asset risks and securitization problems mainly led to this crisis. As globalized financial institutions have been tied to each other even stronger, the contagion possibility of the crisis effects has increased.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The crisis in the USA was firstly seen in Europe and then other emerging countries in the world (Blanchard, 2009). Although the annual report on Euro area says that euro prevented the countries in the crisis and the Euro area countries became more attractive (Annual Report, 2009), the fact is different. Many countries in Euro area (the so-called PIIGS) are suffering from the crisis (Chorafas, 2009). Recently, Greece case draw the urgent attention of the European institutions and for this country, some measures have taken by the European Council (Brussels, 2010). Portugal and some other EU countries were subjected to Excessive Deficit Procedure (Brussels, 2009) and recommended to take required actions. The reasons behind the pains of&lt;br /&gt;the countries differ from each other.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In Portugal’s case, the current account deficit seems to be the most problematic issue in its economy (Shelburne, 2008). Along with the global economic crisis which affected emerging and low income countries through declining demand for exports (IMF, 2009), being a member of EU increases the current account deficit as percentage of GDP (Shelburne, 2008) and with being even a member of Eurozone, the current account deficit increased more (Blanchard and Glavazzi, 2002).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In academic field, Portugal economy was analyzed in various studies. Blanchard and Glavazzi (2002) give a historical perspective of Portugal deficits (current account and budget) with reasons and policy actions taken to counteract the deficit. Blanchard (2004) analyzed the overall economic status of Eurozone and particularly Portugal and Spain. Again, Blanchard (2006a) and Blanchard (2006b) told the problems of country’s economy with reference to European Economic and Monetary Union. Shelburne (2008) investigated the current account deficit in European emerging markets like Portugal, Spain and Greece. Abreu (2006) developed an analytic approach to Portugal’s boom and bust. Andini (2008) gives some insights on the relationship between competitive loss and unemployment. The names above are some of the analysts mostly referred and on whom the implications in the paper mostly depended.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In this paper, Portugal economy is analyzed in the light of some macroeconomic indicators. The economic history of approximately two decades are explained and then some major determinants of the current account deficit are tried to be explained with the help of an econometric model.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Portugal Economy in the Light of The History&lt;br /&gt;When it is assessed, two peaks in the Portugal economy stand out; 1995-2001 and 2001-2005. In the second half of the 1990s, Portugal economy started to grow rapidly in order to catch up with other EU economies and take place in the Economic and Monetary Union of Europe. With these expectations to participate in the euro, growth rates became higher (Blanchard, 2006a).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After the EU membership, Portugal’s GDP increased until the ERM crisis in 1993. After&lt;br /&gt;1993, growth rate was increased again expecting to be a member of European Economic and Monetary Union. Between the periods 1995-2001 and 2001-2005 there exists a clear&lt;br /&gt;difference. The growth rate of GDP became even lower. In 2008 and 2009, growth rate was below the ones of Eurozone (ECOFIN, 2009) and in 2009 it became even negative with the effects of the crisis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Expactations to join the euro brought also confidence and decreased the country risk. These were the main reasons behind the rapid growth of economy.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;At the end of the first peak in 2000s, unemployment rate was at lowest levels and even below the rates of EA-15. By reaching the low employment levels, nominal wages increased more than the productivity growth level.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Besides the wage growth, the unit labor cost also increased even higher than EA-15.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The nominal wage growth and unit labor cost increase brought competitive disinflation for Portugal economy (Andini, 2008). That means, domestic producers stand in a disadvantaged position against the exporting countries to Portugal (Martins and Opromolla, 2010).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sharp decrease in interest rates before the EMU membership in 1999 enhanced credit&lt;br /&gt;possibilities of banks. However, the deposits were below the level of credits (Constâncio, 2004). As a result, the current account deficit increased.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It was seen that with raised expectations and a boom in credit and consumptions, current account of Portugal got imbalanced sharply till early 2000s. During 2000 and 2003, there was a slight improvement in imbalanced position due to slight decrease in unit labor cost and relatively sharper decrease in nominal wage growth. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There have been some adjustment mechanisms for countries in order to balance the current account status and gain competitiveness. The current account can be balanced again by increasing the exports or the value of exports faster than imports.&lt;br /&gt;Lowering the nominal wages until the unit labor costs decreased can be a way of gaining competitiveness. EMU has brought both costs and benefits to participating countries by bringing a single currency and reducing exchange rate volatility. International trade volume increase can take into account as benefits of joining an economic and monetary union as single currency reduces the transaction cost. To fulfill the objective of synchronization of business cycles, the same interest rate determined by European Central Bank (ECB) is used (Rose, 2000). Along with the single currency, countries cannot devaluate/revaluate its national currency. A single&lt;br /&gt;interest rate and the prohibition of devaluation/revaluation aimed at avoiding the participating countries from using policies in favor of their national market and therefore deteriorating the functioning of the European Single Market. However the suitability of single interest rate determined by ECB is questionable. In his mostly referred work, Taylor (1993) has made a formulation in order to determine the appropriate interest rate for a country.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;According to Molodtsova, Rzhevskyy, and Papell (2009), the difference between the natural rate of unemployment and unemployment can be used instead of output gap, but in the graph below, output gaps were used. The desired interest rate of Portugal according to Taylor rule and the interest rate applied by ECB is calculated.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The interest rate applied by ECB is approx. 3,5 % below the desired interest rate for Portugal. This difference is quite big. As seen in other graphs above, the basic tools of a country for adjusting the competitive disadvantages are in the hands of ECB, not of the country itself. So, a crash like the current global crisis needs to be compensated by a supranational institution. In Portugal’s case, it is&lt;br /&gt;surely ECB.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2. Empirical Analysis&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.1. Objective&lt;br /&gt;In year, third stage of European Economic and Monetary Union has started, and the countries joining EMU have transferred their monetary sovereignty to European Central Bank. Interest rate used in the countries has been determined by ECB as of 1999. Therewith, for different scaled economies there has been used now just one interest rate, which may be disadvantageous for some countries, like Portugal. The current account imbalance (deficit for Portugal) is one of the most important and urgent issues of Portuguese economy. The main objective of this empirical analysis is to show how the current account deficit as percentage of GDP of Portugal has been effected by chosen independent variables as of 1999.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2.2. Methodology and Dataset&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The annual data between 1999 and 2009 is used for Portugal. The start year is taken as 1999 with entry of the country into EMU. The data is collected from OECD, ECB and AMECO databases.&lt;br /&gt;The independent variables are ECB interest rate (absolute value), inflation (harmonised index of consumer prices) and productivity growth (percentage change) whereas the dependent variable is current account deficit as percentage of GDP.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The paper employs OLS and Multiple Regression Model. The empirical analysis is conducted using the program EViews 5.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Multiple Regression Model&lt;br /&gt;Estimated Econometric Model:&lt;br /&gt;CADPOR = β1 + β2*ECBINTERESTRATE + β3*LINF + β4*LPRODUCTIVITYPOR&lt;br /&gt;CADPOR: Current Account Deficit to GDP ratio (%)&lt;br /&gt;ECBINTERESTRATE: Interest rate determined by Eurpean Central Bank (%)&lt;br /&gt;LINF: Logarithmic Inflation Rate (%)&lt;br /&gt;LPRODUCTIVITYPOR: Logarithmic Productivity Growth (%)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hypothesis:&lt;br /&gt;Ho: β=0 (independent variables have no effect on the current account deficit of Portugal)&lt;br /&gt;H1: β≠ 0&lt;br /&gt;The significance level was taken as 5% (0,05).&lt;br /&gt;Dependent Variable: CADPOR&lt;br /&gt;Method: Least Squares&lt;br /&gt;Date: 04/11/10 Time: 04:24&lt;br /&gt;Sample (adjusted): 1999 2009&lt;br /&gt;Included observations: 13 after adjustments&lt;br /&gt;Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.&lt;br /&gt;C -10.44539 1.121832 -9.311010 0.0000&lt;br /&gt;ECBINTERESTRATE -1.607414 0.291255 -5.518933 0.0003&lt;br /&gt;LINF 4.863633 0.772765 6.293806 0.0001&lt;br /&gt;LPRODUCTIVITYPOR 1.098111 0.341750 3.213195 0.0093&lt;br /&gt;R-squared 0.931031 Mean dependent var -6.635714&lt;br /&gt;Adjusted R-squared 0.910340 S.D. dependent var 3.579989&lt;br /&gt;S.E. of regression 1.071967 Akaike info criterion 3.211824&lt;br /&gt;Sum squared resid 11.49113 Schwarz criterion 3.394412&lt;br /&gt;Log likelihood -18.48277 F-statistic 44.99732&lt;br /&gt;Durbin-Watson stat 2.316320 Prob(F-statistic) 0.000004&lt;br /&gt;Table 1: Estimation Output&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;CADPOR = -10.44539275 - 1.607414466*ECBINTERESTRATE + 4.863633374*LINF +&lt;br /&gt;(-9.311010) (-5.518933) (6.293806)&lt;br /&gt;1.098110809*LPRODUCTIVITYPOR&lt;br /&gt;(3.213195)&lt;br /&gt;R2=0,93 and Durbin-Watson stat=2.316320&lt;br /&gt;⎯R2=0,91 each variable added to the model have an increase effect of coefficient of&lt;br /&gt;determination, so⎯R2 shows the real effect.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The values in brackets are t-statistics and⎯R2 shows the interpretation power of the model.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;3. Findings&lt;br /&gt;In this paper, ECB interest rate, Inflation rate and Productivity growth are employed together as regressors of Current Account Deficit of Portugal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Null hypothesis was rejected since the probability values in brackets are lower than 5% significance level. Multiple regression model is able to explain 91% of real relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Durbin-Watson statistics are 2.316320 and higher than 2. The probability value of F statistics is lower than 5% significance level and the Multiple Regression Model is generally significant.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The regression shows that LINF and LPRODUCTIVITYPOR have positive effect and&lt;br /&gt;ECBINTERESTRATE has negative effect on current account deficit of Portugal. It means&lt;br /&gt;that an increase in the inflation and productivity also increases the current account deficit, and an increase in ECB interest rate decreases the current account deficit of Portugal. The results obtained are also consistent with the theoretical basis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;4. Conclusion&lt;br /&gt;As of early 1990s to 2001, Portugal economy has experienced a boom mainly due to the&lt;br /&gt;expectations to join the European Economic and Monetary Union. This is called a catching up period. Expansionary fiscal policies during the boom and easy access to cheaper credits increased the demand for housing by households. Unemployment rates decreased, wages increased. But the productivity growth level remained under the growth rate level of nominal wages. That was the beginning point of Portugal competitive disinflation.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Higher production costs led customer to import goods, and Portuguese firms couldn’t compete with cheap importers. Devaluation might be an adjustment tool, but it is prohibited since it might deteriorate the functioning of the European Single Market.&lt;br /&gt;The result of all disadvantaged positions is high current account deficit. As seen in the multiple regression analysis, inflation that is affected by the unemployment rates and productivity growth have negative effects (an increase in these parameters also increases the current account deficit) and an increase in ECB interest rate has positive effect on current account deficit.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What Portugal needs now is emergent adjustment to the loss of competitiveness. Since it cannot do this by using monetary policy tools, labor market may be an exit way. Depending on the labor market rigidity, Portugal can lower the wages and unit labor costs until the productivity growth level be over the nominal wage growth, and at the end until it gain its competitiveness against importers again.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;References&lt;br /&gt;Abreu, O. (2006): Portugal's boom and bust: lessons for euro newcomers, ECFIN Country&lt;br /&gt;Focus, Volume 3, Issue 16, p. 1-6.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Andini, C. (2008): Portugal and the competitive disinflation: let the data speak, Economics Bulletin, Vol. 6, No. 25, p. 1-11.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Blanchard, O. and Glavazzi, F. (2002): Current Account Deficits in the Euro Area. The End of the Feldstein-Horioka Puzzle?, Brooking Paper on Economic Activity, No. 2, Washington DC, 2. p. 147-209.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Blanchard, O. (2004): A macroeconomic survey of Europe. December, 2004. Available at:&lt;br /&gt;http://www.eabcn.org/research/documents/blanchard.pdf (06.04.2010)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Blanchard, O. (2006a): Adjustment within the euro. The difficult case of Portugal, Portuguese Economic Journal, Springer Verlag, Volume 6, Number 1 / April, 2007, p. 1-21.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Blanchard, O. (2006b). Portugal, Italy, Spain, and Germany. The implications of a&lt;br /&gt;suboptimal currency area. WEL-MIT Meeting, NYC, April 2006.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Blanchard, O., (2009). The Crisis: Basic Mechanisms, and Appropriate Policies. IMF&lt;br /&gt;Working Paper, 4.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Chorafas, D. N. (2009). Globalization’s Limits, Conflicting National Interests in Trade and Finance. Gower. 19.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Constâncio, V. (2004): European Monetary Integration and the Portuguese Case, Available at: http://www.bportugal.pt/pt-&lt;br /&gt;PT/OBancoeoEurosistema/IntervencoesPublicas/Lists/FolderDeListaComLinks/Attachments/&lt;br /&gt;36/intervpub20050727.pdf (06.04.2010)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Council of The European Union. 2981st Council Meeting. Economic and Financial Affairs. Press Release. Brussels, 2 December 2009.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Council of The European Union. 3003rd Council Meeting. Economic and Financial Affairs. Press Release. Brussels, 16 March 2010.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;European Commission, Economic and Financial Affairs, (2009). Annual Report on the Euro Area 2009. European Economy 6/2009. 3.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;European Commission, Economic and Financial Affairs, (2009). Economic Crisis in Europe: Causes, Consequences and Responses. European Economy 7/2009. 27.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;International Monetary Fund (IMF). The Implications of the Global Financial Crisis for Low-Income Countries. March 2009. 2.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Martins, P. S. and Opromolla, L. D. (2010). Exports, Imports and Wages: Evidence from&lt;br /&gt;Matched Firm-Worker-Product Panels. Working Paper, Economics and Research Department, Banco de Portugal.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Molodtsova, T., Rzhevskyy, A. N. and Papell, D. H. (2009): Taylor Rules and the Euro, 29 January 2009, Available at: http://www.uh.edu/~dpapell/Taylor%20Euro.pdf (07.04.2010)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Rose, A.K. (2000): One Money, One Market: Estimating the Effect of Common Currencies on Trade, Economic Policy, 30: 9-45.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Shelburne, R. C. (2008). Current Account Deficits in European Emerging Markets. United Nations Discussion Paper Series. June 2008. 2, 4.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Taylor, J. (1993): Discretion versus Policy Rules in Practice, Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 39: 195-214.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/2838159170020674341-7590596001371805525?l=seldadogan.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://seldadogan.blogspot.com/feeds/7590596001371805525/comments/default' title='Kayıt Yorumları'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://seldadogan.blogspot.com/2010/07/portugal-in-trouble.html#comment-form' title='0 Yorum'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2838159170020674341/posts/default/7590596001371805525'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/2838159170020674341/posts/default/7590596001371805525'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://seldadogan.blogspot.com/2010/07/portugal-in-trouble.html' title='Portugal in Trouble...'/><author><name>Selda</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/11080742963396260033</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='21' height='32' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_duR5oAVR8PU/SbGQk_E-47I/AAAAAAAAAAM/yPPYwqbe0ng/S220/IMG_0684.JPG'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
